{"meta":{"source":"City of Toronto Open Data, 'Watermains' package (distribution + transmission)","source_url":"https://open.toronto.ca/dataset/watermains/","retrieved":"2026-10-08","licence":"Open Government Licence - Toronto","segments":49414,"distribution_segments":46923,"transmission_segments":2491,"total_km":6131.6,"lead_cutoff_year":1955,"lead_cutoff_basis":"City of Toronto: lead water service pipes affect homes built before the mid-1950s (toronto.ca Lead & Drinking Water).","units_note":"Diameter units are not labeled by the source; millimetres inferred from standard pipe sizes.","type_note":"Watermain Type is coded numerically (0/1/2); the source publishes no definitions. Meanings above are inferred from file context."},"materials":[{"code":"CI","meaning":"Cast Iron","count":25359,"pct":51.32},{"code":"PVC","meaning":"Polyvinyl Chloride","count":12994,"pct":26.3},{"code":"DIP","meaning":"Ductile Iron Pipe","count":4440,"pct":8.99},{"code":"SP","meaning":"Steel Pipe","count":1727,"pct":3.49},{"code":"DICL","meaning":"Ductile Iron, Cement Lined","count":1485,"pct":3.01},{"code":"CICL","meaning":"Cast Iron, Cement Lined","count":975,"pct":1.97},{"code":"UNK","meaning":"Unknown","count":830,"pct":1.68},{"code":"AC","meaning":"Asbestos Cement","count":631,"pct":1.28},{"code":"CPP","meaning":"Concrete Pressure Pipe","count":283,"pct":0.57},{"code":"PVCO","meaning":"Oriented PVC","count":193,"pct":0.39},{"code":"COP","meaning":"Copper","count":185,"pct":0.37},{"code":"SPCL","meaning":"Steel Pipe, Cement Lined","count":134,"pct":0.27},{"code":"PE","meaning":"Polyethylene","count":62,"pct":0.13},{"code":"HDPE","meaning":"High-Density Polyethylene","count":59,"pct":0.12},{"code":"CONP","meaning":"Concrete Pipe","count":24,"pct":0.05},{"code":"None","meaning":"No value","count":21,"pct":0.04},{"code":"PCPP","meaning":"Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe","count":6,"pct":0.01},{"code":"CONC","meaning":"Concrete","count":6,"pct":0.01}],"diameters":[{"diameter_mm":"150","count":26136,"pct":52.89},{"diameter_mm":"300","count":12008,"pct":24.3},{"diameter_mm":"200","count":5127,"pct":10.38},{"diameter_mm":"400","count":2102,"pct":4.25},{"diameter_mm":"250","count":658,"pct":1.33},{"diameter_mm":"600","count":634,"pct":1.28},{"diameter_mm":"900","count":483,"pct":0.98},{"diameter_mm":"1200","count":340,"pct":0.69},{"diameter_mm":"100","count":262,"pct":0.53},{"diameter_mm":"500","count":246,"pct":0.5},{"diameter_mm":"50","count":216,"pct":0.44},{"diameter_mm":"750","count":197,"pct":0.4}],"lead":{"classes":{"lead_coded":{"segments":0,"km":0,"rule":"Material code explicitly indicating lead. No such code exists in this dataset, so this class is empty by construction."},"lead_era":{"segments":16949,"km":2014.9,"rule":"Construction year before 1955. The City of Toronto states lead water service pipes affect homes built before the mid-1950s. This flag marks pipe vintages from that era, i.e. areas where lead service connections are more likely nearby. It is an age-based inference, not a measurement of lead in these pipes."},"modern":{"segments":31734,"km":4051,"rule":"Construction year 1955 or later. Outside the City's lead-service era."},"unknown_vintage":{"segments":731,"km":65.7,"rule":"No construction year recorded; cannot be classified by era."}},"lead_era_materials":[{"code":"CI","count":15528},{"code":"CICL","count":929},{"code":"AC","count":167},{"code":"SP","count":130},{"code":"UNK","count":99},{"code":"DIP","count":66},{"code":"DICL","count":9},{"code":"CPP","count":7}],"dist_lead_era_km":1943.6,"dist_km":5586.4},"decades":[{"decade":1870,"segments":752},{"decade":1880,"segments":1094},{"decade":1890,"segments":543},{"decade":1900,"segments":1133},{"decade":1910,"segments":3228},{"decade":1920,"segments":4367},{"decade":1930,"segments":1102},{"decade":1940,"segments":1573},{"decade":1950,"segments":8882},{"decade":1960,"segments":5762},{"decade":1970,"segments":3814},{"decade":1980,"segments":2732},{"decade":1990,"segments":1676},{"decade":2000,"segments":4494},{"decade":2010,"segments":5325},{"decade":2020,"segments":2206}],"wards":[{"ward":"03","name":"Etobicoke-Lakeshore","segments":3385,"km":358.7,"lead_era_km":206,"lead_era_pct":57.4,"median_year":1953},{"ward":"19","name":"Beaches-East York","segments":1964,"km":206.3,"lead_era_km":164.7,"lead_era_pct":79.8,"median_year":1922},{"ward":"14","name":"Toronto-Danforth","segments":2065,"km":209.1,"lead_era_km":159.9,"lead_era_pct":76.5,"median_year":1922},{"ward":"12","name":"Toronto-St. Paul's","segments":1814,"km":188,"lead_era_km":158.3,"lead_era_pct":84.2,"median_year":1922},{"ward":"09","name":"Davenport","segments":1711,"km":168.6,"lead_era_km":130.4,"lead_era_pct":77.3,"median_year":1916},{"ward":"04","name":"Parkdale-High Park","segments":1862,"km":178.9,"lead_era_km":130,"lead_era_pct":72.7,"median_year":1922},{"ward":"15","name":"Don Valley West","segments":2155,"km":262.8,"lead_era_km":127.6,"lead_era_pct":48.5,"median_year":1956},{"ward":"11","name":"University-Rosedale","segments":1971,"km":182.6,"lead_era_km":126.2,"lead_era_pct":69.1,"median_year":1923},{"ward":"20","name":"Scarborough Southwest","segments":2096,"km":260.7,"lead_era_km":121.4,"lead_era_pct":46.6,"median_year":1957},{"ward":"08","name":"Eglinton-Lawrence","segments":2510,"km":269.7,"lead_era_km":113.7,"lead_era_pct":42.2,"median_year":1957},{"ward":"05","name":"York South-Weston","segments":2302,"km":245.6,"lead_era_km":100.6,"lead_era_pct":41,"median_year":1957},{"ward":"02","name":"Etobicoke Centre","segments":2738,"km":348.6,"lead_era_km":83.7,"lead_era_pct":24,"median_year":1960},{"ward":"10","name":"Spadina-Fort York","segments":1627,"km":131.8,"lead_era_km":69.3,"lead_era_pct":52.6,"median_year":1974},{"ward":"06","name":"York Centre","segments":1797,"km":240.9,"lead_era_km":54.6,"lead_era_pct":22.7,"median_year":1967},{"ward":"13","name":"Toronto Centre","segments":1418,"km":99.4,"lead_era_km":47.1,"lead_era_pct":47.4,"median_year":1997},{"ward":"21","name":"Scarborough Centre","segments":1518,"km":232,"lead_era_km":37.2,"lead_era_pct":16,"median_year":1957},{"ward":"25","name":"Scarborough-Rouge Park","segments":1962,"km":277.4,"lead_era_km":22.9,"lead_era_pct":8.3,"median_year":1985},{"ward":"18","name":"Willowdale","segments":1897,"km":224.8,"lead_era_km":21.2,"lead_era_pct":9.4,"median_year":1971},{"ward":"16","name":"Don Valley East","segments":1084,"km":156.6,"lead_era_km":19.4,"lead_era_pct":12.4,"median_year":1958},{"ward":"01","name":"Etobicoke North","segments":2241,"km":292.3,"lead_era_km":14.2,"lead_era_pct":4.9,"median_year":1973},{"ward":"24","name":"Scarborough-Guildwood","segments":1392,"km":201.4,"lead_era_km":11.7,"lead_era_pct":5.8,"median_year":1961},{"ward":"07","name":"Humber River-Black Creek","segments":1434,"km":215,"lead_era_km":8.7,"lead_era_pct":4.1,"median_year":1970},{"ward":"22","name":"Scarborough-Agincourt","segments":1251,"km":194,"lead_era_km":7.2,"lead_era_pct":3.7,"median_year":1972},{"ward":"17","name":"Don Valley North","segments":1335,"km":205.1,"lead_era_km":4.9,"lead_era_pct":2.4,"median_year":1969},{"ward":"23","name":"Scarborough North","segments":1381,"km":234.1,"lead_era_km":2.4,"lead_era_pct":1,"median_year":1978}],"limitations":["The dataset documents watermains (street pipes), not water service connections. Toronto's lead risk is about service pipes, so nothing here directly measures lead; the lead-era flag is an age-based geographic proxy.","No segment carries an explicit lead material code, so the 'lead (as coded)' class is empty.","731 segments (1.5%) have no construction year and cannot be era-classified.","13 distribution segments fall outside all 25 ward polygons by midpoint and are excluded from ward analysis.","Diameter units and Watermain Type meanings are inferred, not published by the source.","Corrosion control (phosphate added since 2014, per the City) reduces lead leaching but does not remove lead pipes; era is about pipe inventory, not current water quality."]}